Limited access to comprehensive, quality healthcare services in refugee camps severely hampers the overall well-being of the residents and exacerbates the risk of widespread health crises.

Inadequate educational opportunities and resources in refugee camps hinder growth and the development of skills essential for refugees to secure a better future and become self-reliant.

The lack of basic utilities, such as reliable electricity and power supply, within refugee camps restricts the ability of refugees to engage in productive activities, and hampers the overall quality of life.

The limited opportunities for economic engagement within and around refugee camps keep residents in a continuous cycle of poverty, further stalling their progress towards economic self-reliance.

The lack of effective city planning within refugee camps exacerbates existing living challenges, contributing to overcrowding, poor sanitation, environmental hazards, and limited access to services.

Regular occurrences of flooding due to poor environmental planning pose significant threats to life and property within refugee camps, disrupting everyday activities and heightening the vulnerability of residents.

Poor sanitation conditions in refugee camps significantly contribute to health risks and disease outbreaks, undermining residents' quality of life and posing serious public health challenges.

The originally temporary refugee camps have now existed for decades, resulting in several generations being born and raised in these environments. This has established a cycle of permanency, severely limiting the residents' opportunities for socio-economic advancement and integration into broader society.

The predominant reliance on unpredictable and often insufficient aid from humanitarian organizations has led to a chronic state of insecurity and vulnerability among refugees, obstructing their progress towards economic self-reliance and societal autonomy.

The complexity of acquiring and renewing refugee identification, obtaining movement passes, business licenses, and work permits presents significant hurdles for refugees. These documentation challenges obstruct their legal and social integration and limit their opportunities for economic participation and mobility.

Refugees face substantial barriers to financial inclusion due to rigid know-your-customer (KYC) requirements and difficulties surrounding refugee documentation. These barriers restrict refugees' access to essential financial services from banks and micro-finance institutions, thereby confining their economic progress and undermining their ability to achieve financial independence.

A mismatch between the resident skills within the camp and actual market demand perpetuates a cycle of underemployment among refugees. The saturation of certain skills against the backdrop of inadequate demand in the job market leads to wasted potential and continues to stifle economic growth and self-sufficiency within the refugee community.

Existing gender and cultural biases within the refugee community often disproportionately burden women with familial responsibilities. This negatively impacts their opportunities for education and entrepreneurship, hindering their socio-economic progress and limiting their potential for self-reliance. This issue not only creates gender disparities but also perpetuates a cycle of poverty and dependency within refugee families.

Despite recent legislative shifts, the residual impact of legacy encampment policies continues to limit refugees' mobility and hinders the effective movement and distribution of goods, services, and resources. While digital economy options offer partial solutions, considerable work remains to ensure physical mobility, a key to bolstering refugees' economic participation and self-sufficiency.

The distant location of Kakuma camps from Nairobi poses serious challenges to acquiring basic infrastructure like computers and stable internet connectivity, making digital work difficult for the refugees.

Private sector employers express concerns over the return on investment in training refugees, indicating the need for refugees to possess basic digital skills and reliable access to digital devices. The challenge of providing specialized on-the-job training is also significant.